# Transactions and runtime reference (/docs/orm/reference/transactions-and-runtime) > For the complete Prisma documentation index, see [llms.txt](/llms.txt). A markdown version of any docs page is available by appending `.md` to its URL. Reference for the Prisma ORM client lifecycle, transactions, prepared statements, and execution options. Location: ORM > Reference > Transactions and runtime reference Prisma ORM 8 renames `schema.prisma` to `contract.prisma`. Run `npx prisma contract emit`, which writes two files next to it: `contract.json`, which your app imports, and `contract.d.ts`, which gives you the TypeScript types. A new project keeps all three files in `src/prisma/`. Every client you create needs `contract.json`. The query you came for, `prisma.user.findMany({ where })`, is now `db.orm.public.User.where(...).all()`. [Coming from Prisma ORM 7](/guides/introduction-2-orm-coming-from-prisma-orm-7) lists the packages to install, the commands to run, and the rest of the renamed calls. `db` is the client that `postgres(...)` or `mongo(...)` returns. `db.runtime()` gives you the object that actually runs queries, and that object is called the runtime. Create, connect, and close the client, run transactions, prepare statements, and set per-query execution options, on PostgreSQL and MongoDB. For a task-oriented walkthrough, see the Fundamentals guide to [Transactions](/guides/fundamentals-transactions). For the ways to query inside a transaction, see the [ORM client reference](/guides/reference-2-reference-orm-client), the [SQL query builder reference](/guides/reference-2-reference-sql-query-builder), and the [raw queries reference](/guides/reference-2-reference-raw-queries). Transactions are not available on MongoDB. To run one there, pass your own `MongoClient` with the `mongoClient` option and use the driver's `session.withTransaction(...)`, which [Transactions on MongoDB](/guides/fundamentals-transactions#transactions-on-mongodb) shows in code. ## Client lifecycle on PostgreSQL Create a PostgreSQL client with `postgres(...)`, connect it to get a runtime, run queries, and close it when you are done. ### `postgres(options)` Create a PostgreSQL client. #### Remarks - Import `contract.json` and pass it as `contractJson`, as every example below does. Pass `contract` only if you already hold a contract object; most code passes `contractJson`. Supply exactly one. - The `` type argument is what types `db.orm` and `db.sql`. `contract.d.ts` exports it under the name `Contract`. Pass it yourself whenever you pass `contractJson`, because TypeScript cannot read a type out of a JSON file. It is inferred only when you use the `contract` option. - Tell the client which database to use in one of three ways: `url`, `pg`, or `binding`. A `binding` wraps any of the three choices in one object, with a `kind` field saying which it is: `{ kind: 'url', url }`, `{ kind: 'pgPool', pool }`, or `{ kind: 'pgClient', client }`. Use it when your code picks the source at run time. Pass exactly one of `url`, `pg`, and `binding`, or leave all three out and pass one to [`connect()`](#connect). - When you pass a `pg` pool or client, you own it: call `db.close()` first, then close it yourself with `pool.end()`. When you pass a `url`, the client creates the pool and closes it. Set that pool's timeouts with `poolOptions`, which has no effect on a pool you supply yourself. - Some types come from a PostgreSQL extension, such as a `pgvector.Vector(1536)` type in your `contract.prisma`. Run `npm install @prisma/orm-extension-pgvector` first. Then `import pgvector from '@prisma/orm-extension-pgvector/runtime'` and pass `extensions: [pgvector]`. - A middleware is an object with a name and one or more hooks, such as `{ name: 'no-big-deletes', beforeQuery: (query) => { if (query.sql.includes('DELETE')) throw new Error('blocked') } }`. Throw from a hook to block the query. The hooks are `beforeCompile`, `beforeQuery`, `beforeExecute`, `interceptQuery`, `interceptExecute`, `onRow`, `afterQuery`, and `afterExecute`. See [How middleware works](/guides/middleware-how-middleware-works). - Migrations record in your database which contract it matches. With `verifyMarker: 'onFirstUse'`, the default, the first query checks that record and logs a warning on a mismatch, then runs anyway. If you see the warning, run `npx prisma db update`. `verifyMarker: false` skips the check. - `postgres(options)` does not open a connection. The client opens one on first use, so [`connect()`](#connect) is optional: call it to open the connection up front and fail early. #### Options Pass exactly one of `url`, `pg`, and `binding`. | Name | Type | Required | Description | | --------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ | -------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `contractJson` / `contract` | JSON contract or contract value | Yes | The contract. Supply exactly one. | | `url` | `string` | See note | A PostgreSQL connection string. | | `pg` | `Pool` or `Client` from the `pg` package | See note | An existing `pg` instance to use. You close it yourself. | | `binding` | `{ kind: 'url' \| 'pgPool' \| 'pgClient', ... }` | See note | The same three choices in one object. | | `poolOptions` | `{ connectionTimeoutMillis?: number; idleTimeoutMillis?: number }` | No | Timeouts for the pool the client creates from `url` (defaults `20000` / `30000`). | | `extensions` | Array of extension runtimes, the default export of each package's `/runtime` subpath | No | The PostgreSQL extensions your contract's types need. Install each package, then import its `/runtime` subpath and put the default export in this array. | | `middleware` | Array of middleware | No | Code that runs around every query. See [How middleware works](/guides/middleware-how-middleware-works). | | `verifyMarker` | `'onFirstUse'` or `false` | No | Whether the first query checks that the database was set up for this contract. Defaults to `'onFirstUse'`. | #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | ---------------- | ------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ | | `PostgresClient` | `postgres({ contractJson, url })` | A client that has not connected yet. Its members are listed below. | - `.orm` holds your models by model name. See the [ORM client reference](/guides/reference-2-reference-orm-client). - `.sql` is the SQL query builder, keyed by PostgreSQL schema, then by table name: `db.sql.public.tag`. The table name is the model's `@@map` value, or the model name exactly as written when the model sets no `@@map`. See the [SQL query builder reference](/guides/reference-2-reference-sql-query-builder). Write raw SQL with ``db.raw.sql`...` ``, as the [raw queries reference](/guides/reference-2-reference-raw-queries) shows. - `.enums` holds the enum values from your contract, by PostgreSQL schema: `db.enums.public.Role`. `.nativeEnums` holds the values of enum types that exist in PostgreSQL itself, created with `CREATE TYPE`, also by schema. Look the type up by name in brackets: `db.nativeEnums.auth['AalLevel'].values` is `['aal1', 'aal2', 'aal3']`. - `.contract` is the contract as an object. [`connect()`](#connect), [`runtime()`](#runtime), [`transaction()`](#dbtransactioncallback), [`prepare()`](#dbpreparedeclaration-callback), and [`close()`](#close) are documented on this page. #### Examples ##### Create a client from a connection string ```typescript import postgres from '@prisma/orm-postgres/runtime'; import type { Contract } from './contract.d'; import contractJson from './contract.json' with { type: 'json' }; const db = postgres({ contractJson, url: process.env.DATABASE_URL! }); ``` These examples assume the file is beside `contract.json` in `src/prisma/`, so from anywhere else, change the relative paths. Write `./contract.d` exactly like that, with no extension. It resolves under `preserve` or `esnext` with `bundler`, the settings `prisma orm init` writes, and under `nodenext` as CommonJS; under `nodenext`, `node18`, or `node20` as ES modules it does not, and the upgrade guide covers that case. The line `import contractJson from './contract.json' with { type: 'json' }` needs Node.js 22.18 or newer and TypeScript 5.9 or newer. In `tsconfig.json` it needs `resolveJsonModule: true` and one of these `module` settings, each with its `moduleResolution`: `preserve` with `bundler`, `esnext` with `bundler`, or `nodenext` with `nodenext`. `node18` and `node20` also work, with `moduleResolution` left unset. `prisma orm init` writes `preserve` and `bundler` into new projects. When `module` is `nodenext` and `package.json` has no `"type": "module"`, TypeScript treats the file as CommonJS, and there the import is `import contractJson from './contract.json';` with no `with` part. The [Prisma ORM 7 to 8 upgrade guide](/guides/upgrade-prisma-orm-postgresql#26-set-up-tsconfigjson-for-the-prisma-orm-8-client) walks through which setting fits which kind of project. TypeScript types every `process.env` value as possibly undefined, so the examples write `!` after it, the same way `prisma orm init` does. ##### Bind to an existing `pg` pool ```typescript import postgres from '@prisma/orm-postgres/runtime'; import { Pool } from 'pg'; import type { Contract } from './contract.d'; import contractJson from './contract.json' with { type: 'json' }; const pool = new Pool({ connectionString: process.env.DATABASE_URL! }); const db = postgres({ contractJson, pg: pool }); ``` ### `connect()` Open a connection and return a runtime. #### Remarks - Returns a `Promise`. The runtime is the connected object that runs queries. It has these calls: - `runtime.query(built)` runs a built query and returns its rows. A built query is the object you get from `.build()` at the end of a builder or raw chain. See [Running a built query](/guides/reference-2-reference-sql-query-builder#running-a-built-query). - `runtime.execute(built)` runs a built query that returns no rows, such as an insert, and returns `{ affectedRows }`. See [Running a built query](/guides/reference-2-reference-sql-query-builder#running-a-built-query). - `runtime.connection()` takes one connection out of the pool so that several queries run on the same connection. It returns a promise, and you put the connection back with `connection.release()`: `const connection = await runtime.connection(); try { await connection.query(built) } finally { await connection.release() }`. See [Manual connection and transaction control](#manual-connection-and-transaction-control). - `runtime.prepare(declaration, callback)` prepares a statement you run many times with different values. The client has a `prepare()` too, and the two do the same thing. See [Prepared statements (PostgreSQL)](#prepared-statements-postgresql). - `runtime.telemetry()` reports how the most recent query went. See [`runtime.telemetry()`](#runtimetelemetry). - `connect()` takes the same database options as `postgres(...)`, so a client you created without one can be given its database here: `await db.connect({ url: process.env.DATABASE_URL! })`, or `await db.connect({ binding: { kind: 'url', url } })`. - Every error has a `code` property, and the [error reference](/guides/reference-2-reference-error-reference) lists them all. Catch the error and compare `error.code` with the value shown here, for example `if (error.code === 'DRIVER.NOT_CONNECTED')`. - Call `connect()` before any query, or not at all. Running a query connects the client, so a `connect()` after that rejects with an error whose `code` is `DRIVER.ALREADY_CONNECTED`. So does a second `connect()`. #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | ------------------ | ------------------------------------ | ---------------------- | | `Promise` | `const runtime = await db.connect()` | The connected runtime. | #### Examples ##### Connect and run a query ```typescript const runtime = await db.connect(); const tags = await runtime.query(db.sql.public.tag.select('id', 'label').build()); ``` ### `runtime()` Get the current runtime synchronously. #### Remarks - On PostgreSQL, `runtime()` is **synchronous**: it returns the `Runtime` directly, not a promise. You can call it before connecting, because the client connects on first use. #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | ----------- | ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------ | | `Runtime` | `const runtime = db.runtime()` | The runtime, returned synchronously. | ### `close()` Close the client and release its pool. #### Remarks - Returns a `Promise`. `close()` is safe to call at any time. - After `close()`, `connect()` rejects and `runtime()` throws an error whose `code` is `DRIVER.NOT_CONNECTED` (`Postgres client is closed`). #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | --------------- | ------------------ | ----------------------------------- | | `Promise` | `await db.close()` | Resolves when the client is closed. | #### Examples ##### Close when finished ```typescript const db = postgres({ contractJson, url: process.env.DATABASE_URL! }); const admins = await db.orm.public.User.where((u) => u.kind.eq('admin')).all(); await db.close(); ``` ### `await using` (automatic disposal) The client implements `Symbol.asyncDispose`, so `await using` closes it automatically at the end of its block. #### Remarks - Disposal fires at the end of the **block** the `await using` declaration lives in, not on the next line. Scope the client to the block where you need it. After the block exits, the client is closed the same way `close()` closes it: a later `connect()` rejects with an error whose `code` is `DRIVER.NOT_CONNECTED`. - `await using` needs `@types/node` installed, or `"esnext.disposable"` added to the `lib` array in your `tsconfig.json`. #### Examples ##### Close automatically with `await using` ```typescript { await using db = postgres({ contractJson, url: process.env.DATABASE_URL! }); const tags = await db.runtime().query(db.sql.public.tag.select('id', 'label').build()); } // db is closed here ``` ## Client lifecycle on MongoDB Create a MongoDB client with `mongo(...)`. The entry point and several lifecycle details differ from PostgreSQL, most notably that `runtime()` is asynchronous. ### `mongo(options)` Create a MongoDB client. #### Remarks - Pass the contract with `contractJson` or `contract` (supply exactly one), the same way as on PostgreSQL. - Tell the client which database to use in one of four ways: `url`, `uri`, `mongoClient`, or `binding`. A `binding` wraps the choices in one object, with a `kind` field saying which it is: `{ kind: 'url', url, dbName }` or `{ kind: 'mongoClient', client, dbName }`. Use it when your code picks the source at run time, and use the `url` kind for a `uri`. Pass exactly one of the four, or leave all four out and pass one to [MongoDB `connect()`](#connect-1). `dbName` is separate and does not count as one of the four, so `{ url, dbName }` is allowed. - With `url`, the database name comes from the path of the connection string, as in `mongodb://host:27017/app`. Add `dbName` to override that name, or when the string has no name in its path. `uri` takes the same kind of string, and always needs `dbName`. - **Client ownership**: with `url` or `uri`, Prisma ORM creates the underlying `MongoClient` and closes it on `close()`. With `mongoClient`, you supplied the client, so Prisma ORM does **not** close it. Because `close()` leaves your client open, you can use one `MongoClient` both through Prisma ORM and in code you write against the `mongodb` package directly. You close that client yourself. - `mongo(options)` does not open a connection. The runtime is built on first use, or explicitly via [MongoDB `connect()`](#connect-1). #### Options Pass exactly one of `url`, `uri`, `mongoClient`, and `binding`. `dbName` is separate, and `uri` and `mongoClient` both require it. | Name | Type | Required | Description | | --------------------------- | --------------------------------------- | -------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `contractJson` / `contract` | JSON contract or contract value | Yes | The contract. Supply exactly one. | | `url` | `string` | See note | A `mongodb://` or `mongodb+srv://` string, with the database name in its path. | | `uri` + `dbName` | `string` + `string` | See note | The same kind of string, plus the database name, which is required here. | | `mongoClient` + `dbName` | `MongoClient` + `string` | See note | An existing `MongoClient` you own, plus the database name. | | `binding` | `{ kind: 'url' \| 'mongoClient', ... }` | See note | The same choices in one object. | | `middleware` | Array of middleware | No | Code that runs around every query. See [How middleware works](/guides/middleware-how-middleware-works). | | `mode` | `'strict'` or `'permissive'` | No | Defaults to `'strict'`. Prisma ORM ignores this value. It is passed through to your middleware so your own code can branch on it. | #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | ------------- | ------------------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `MongoClient` | `mongo({ contractJson, url, dbName })` | A client that has not connected yet. This is Prisma ORM's own type. The `mongodb` driver has a class of the same name, so when you import both, name this one `db`. | - `.orm` holds your models by collection name, with no `.public` in the path: `db.orm.users`. The collection name is the model's `@@map` value, or the model name exactly as written when the model sets no `@@map`. The [example schema](/guides/reference-2-reference-orm-client#example-schema) sets `@@map("users")` on `User`, which is why the key here is `users`. See the [ORM client reference](/guides/reference-2-reference-orm-client). - `.query` is the pipeline builder, which builds MongoDB aggregation pipelines. See the [pipeline builder reference](/guides/reference-2-reference-pipeline-builder). `.raw` sends raw MongoDB commands. See the [raw queries reference](/guides/reference-2-reference-raw-queries). - `.enums` holds the enum values from your contract, and `.contract` is the contract as an object. [MongoDB `connect()`](#connect-1), [MongoDB `runtime()`](#runtime-1), and [MongoDB `close()`](#close-1) are documented below. #### Examples ##### Create a client from a connection string ```typescript import mongo from '@prisma/orm-mongo/runtime'; import type { Contract } from './contract.d'; import contractJson from './contract.json' with { type: 'json' }; const db = mongo({ contractJson, url: process.env.MONGODB_URL!, dbName: 'app' }); ``` ##### Share an existing `MongoClient` ```typescript import mongo from '@prisma/orm-mongo/runtime'; import { MongoClient } from 'mongodb'; import type { Contract } from './contract.d'; import contractJson from './contract.json' with { type: 'json' }; // `MongoClient` here is the driver's class; the `db` below is Prisma ORM's own MongoClient type const client = new MongoClient(process.env.MONGODB_URL!); const db = mongo({ contractJson, mongoClient: client, dbName: 'app' }); ``` ### `connect()` Open a connection and return a runtime. #### Remarks - Returns a `Promise`. Call `connect()` before any query, or not at all. Running a query connects the client, so a `connect()` after that rejects with an error whose `code` is `DRIVER.ALREADY_CONNECTED`. So does a second `connect()`. - `connect()` takes the same database options as `mongo(...)`, so a client you created without one can be given its database here: `await db.connect({ url: process.env.MONGODB_URL!, dbName: 'app' })`. #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------- | | `Promise` | `const runtime = await db.connect()` | The connected runtime (`query`, `execute`, and `close` only). | ### `runtime()` Get the runtime. #### Remarks - On MongoDB, `runtime()` returns a **`Promise `**: you must `await`it. PostgreSQL's`runtime()`is synchronous, so write`await db.runtime()`on MongoDB and`db.runtime()\` on PostgreSQL. - `MongoRuntime` has `query`, `execute`, and `close` only. It has no `connection()`, `prepare()`, or `telemetry()`. See [Transactions (MongoDB)](#transactions-mongodb) and [Execution options and results](#execution-options-and-results). #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | ----------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------- | | `Promise` | `const runtime = await db.runtime()` | The runtime, resolved asynchronously. | ### `runtime.query()` Run a built query through the runtime. #### Remarks - `(await db.runtime()).query(built)` runs any built MongoDB query, including one built by the [pipeline builder](/guides/reference-2-reference-pipeline-builder) (`db.query`). - Returns an [`AsyncIterableResult`](#asynciterableresult), which holds the rows the query returns: `await` it for an array, or `for await` to read the rows one at a time as they arrive. - For an update or delete command, use `runtime.execute(built)`, which returns `{ affectedRows }`. Other commands throw an error whose `code` is `RUNTIME.MONGO_STATISTICS_UNSUPPORTED`. There is no `execute()` on the client itself. #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | -------------------------- | ----------------------------------------- | ----------------------- | | `AsyncIterableResult` | `await (await db.runtime()).query(built)` | The built query's rows. | #### Examples ##### Run a query built by the pipeline builder ```typescript // 'posts' is the collection name, the same key you use on `db.orm` const built = db.query.from('posts').build(); const posts = await (await db.runtime()).query(built); ``` ### `close()` Close the client. #### Remarks - Always call `db.close()`. `runtime.close()` leaves the client looking open, and later calls fail. - Returns a `Promise`. After `close()`, any further use rejects with an error whose `code` is `DRIVER.NOT_CONNECTED` (`Mongo client is closed`). That covers `db.runtime()` and ORM access such as `db.orm.users.first()`, since both go through the same runtime. When you supplied a `mongoClient`, `close()` does not close your client (see [`mongo(options)`](#mongooptions)). #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | --------------- | ------------------ | ----------------------------------- | | `Promise` | `await db.close()` | Resolves when the client is closed. | #### Examples ##### Use after close throws ```typescript await db.close(); await db.runtime(); // rejects with DRIVER.NOT_CONNECTED ``` ### `await using` (automatic disposal) The MongoDB client implements `Symbol.asyncDispose` too, so `await using` closes it at the end of its block. #### Remarks - Disposal fires at the end of the block, exactly as on PostgreSQL. After the block exits, a later `connect()` rejects with an error whose `code` is `DRIVER.NOT_CONNECTED`. #### Examples ##### Close automatically with `await using` ```typescript { await using db = mongo({ contractJson, url: process.env.MONGODB_URL!, dbName: 'app' }); await db.connect(); // ... run queries ... } // db is closed here ``` ## Transactions (PostgreSQL) A transaction groups several writes into one unit: they all commit together, or they all roll back. Use `db.transaction(...)` in application code. If you are writing a function that takes a runtime as a parameter instead of the client, use `withTransaction(...)`. If you need to run several statements on one connection, get a connection with `runtime.connection()` and call `commit()` or `rollback()` yourself. ### `db.transaction(callback)` Run a callback inside a transaction. The transaction commits when the callback returns and rolls back when it throws. #### Remarks - Query through `tx`, not `db`. `tx.orm` holds your models. Build queries with `tx.sql`, then run them with `tx.query(...)` to get rows back, or `tx.execute(...)` when the write returns no rows. `tx.execute(...)` resolves to `{ affectedRows }`, the number of rows the statement changed. Every call on `tx` uses the same transaction connection, and queries on `db` run outside the transaction. - `db.transaction(...)` takes the callback and nothing else. There are no `isolationLevel`, `timeout`, or `maxWait` options, and Prisma ORM offers no way to set the isolation level. Nothing retries a failed transaction for you. Write the retry loop yourself. A transaction has no time limit. PostgreSQL's `idle_in_transaction_session_timeout` ends one that sits idle between statements, and on PostgreSQL 17 and later `transaction_timeout` caps its total length. Set either in your connection string or server configuration. See the [fundamentals transactions guide](/guides/fundamentals-transactions#options-and-isolation-level). - To put a time limit on the queries inside a transaction, pass a `signal` to each `tx.query(...)` and `tx.execute(...)` call, as the example below does. See [`RuntimeExecuteOptions`](#runtimeexecuteoptions). - `tx` has no `transaction()` method, so transactions do not nest. If a helper you call starts its own transaction, change it to take `tx` as a parameter instead. `TransactionContext`, imported from `@prisma/orm-postgres/family-runtime`, has `query` and `execute` only, so a helper typed with it cannot use `tx.orm` or `tx.sql`: `async function addTag(tx: TransactionContext) { ... }`. There is no exported type for the full `tx`, so derive it: `type Tx = Parameters[0]>[0]`. - `tx.sql` is a full SQL builder, keyed the same way as `db.sql`: use `tx.sql.public.`, where `public` is the PostgreSQL schema. - Reads inside the transaction see the transaction's own uncommitted writes. - `tx.enums` and `tx.nativeEnums` are the same enum accessors the client has, and `.values` is the list of an enum's members. - The callback's return value passes through as the result of `db.transaction(...)`. - `tx.query(...)` returns an [`AsyncIterableResult`](#asynciterableresult) that works only while the transaction is open. Read it inside the callback. A result you return and then read after the transaction has ended rejects with an error whose `code` is `RUNTIME.TRANSACTION_CLOSED`. To act on a code, catch the error and compare `error.code` with the string. Every code is listed in the [error reference](/guides/reference-2-reference-error-reference). #### Options | Name | Type | Required | Description | | ---------- | -------------------- | -------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `callback` | `(tx) => Promise` | Yes | The transactional work. `tx` exposes `orm`, `sql`, `query`, `execute`, `enums`, and `nativeEnums`. | #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | ------------ | ----------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `Promise` | `await db.transaction(async (tx) => ...)` | Whatever the callback returns, so `R` is your callback's own return type. | #### Examples ##### Commit several writes atomically ```typescript await db.transaction(async (tx) => { await tx.orm.public.Tag.create({ label: 'tx-commit-a' }); await tx.orm.public.Tag.create({ label: 'tx-commit-b' }); }); // both tags exist now ``` ##### Roll back when the callback throws ```typescript try { await db.transaction(async (tx) => { await tx.orm.public.Tag.create({ label: 'tx-rollback' }); throw new Error('deliberate rollback'); }); } catch { // the tag was rolled back and does not exist } ``` ##### Read your own uncommitted writes ```typescript const { createdId, found } = await db.transaction(async (tx) => { const created = await tx.orm.public.Tag.create({ label: 'tx-ryow' }); const found = await tx.orm.public.Tag.where({ label: 'tx-ryow' }).first(); return { createdId: created.id, found }; }); // found.id === createdId ``` ##### Run a SQL builder query with `tx.sql` and `tx.execute` ```typescript await db.transaction(async (tx) => { const signal = AbortSignal.timeout(5000); // give this statement five seconds await tx.execute( tx.sql.public.tag.insert([{ id: crypto.randomUUID(), label: 'tx-sql-insert' }]).build(), { signal }, ); }); ``` > \[!WARNING] > An escaped > > `AsyncIterableResult` > > throws after the transaction ends > > Collect the rows inside the callback by awaiting the result there, and return the array instead. A result is tied to the transaction connection, so if you return one from the callback and read it after the transaction has committed, it rejects with an error whose `code` is `RUNTIME.TRANSACTION_CLOSED`, before yielding any row. > > ```typescript > const escaped = await db.transaction(async (tx) => { > await tx.orm.public.Tag.create(); > return ; > }); > > await escaped.rows.toArray(); // rejects with RUNTIME.TRANSACTION_CLOSED > ``` For Prisma ORM 7 users, an array of queries becomes a callback: ```diff - const [user, post] = await prisma.$transaction([ - prisma.user.create({ data: { email, displayName } }), - prisma.post.create({ data: { title, userId } }), - ]); + const { user, post } = await db.transaction(async (tx) => { + const user = await tx.orm.public.User.create({ email, displayName, kind: 'user' }); + const post = await tx.orm.public.Post.create({ title, userId: user.id }); + return { user, post }; + }); ``` The callback form does something the array form never could: one query's result (here `user.id`) can feed the next query in the same transaction. ### `withTransaction(runtime, callback)` A transaction helper you import directly. Use it when you are writing a function that takes a runtime as a parameter instead of the client. #### Remarks - Imported from `@prisma/orm-postgres/family-runtime`, along with the `Runtime` type. - The callback receives a transaction handle whose only methods are `query` and `execute`. Unlike `db.transaction(...)`'s `tx`, it has no `.orm` or `.sql`. Pass a SQL builder into your function as well, such as the client's `db.sql`, and build your queries with that. - Commits on return, rolls back on throw, the same as `db.transaction(...)`. #### Options | Name | Type | Required | Description | | ---------- | -------------------- | -------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- | | `runtime` | `Runtime` | Yes | The runtime to open the transaction on. | | `callback` | `(tx) => Promise` | Yes | The transactional work. `tx` exposes `query` and `execute`. | #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | ------------ | --------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | | `Promise` | `await withTransaction(runtime, async (tx) => ...)` | Whatever the callback returns. | #### Examples ##### Commit two writes with `withTransaction` ```typescript import { withTransaction, type Runtime } from '@prisma/orm-postgres/family-runtime'; async function addTags(runtime: Runtime, sql: typeof db.sql) { return withTransaction(runtime, async (tx) => { await tx.execute(sql.public.tag.insert([{ id: crypto.randomUUID(), label: 'wt-commit-1' }]).build()); await tx.execute(sql.public.tag.insert([{ id: crypto.randomUUID(), label: 'wt-commit-2' }]).build()); }); } await addTags(db.runtime(), db.sql); ``` ### Manual connection and transaction control The lowest level: acquire a connection, open a transaction on it, commit or roll back yourself, and return the connection to the pool. Use it when you need several statements on one connection, such as a read and then a write with no transaction around them. #### Remarks - `runtime.connection()` returns a dedicated connection. `connection.transaction()` opens a transaction on it. Run built queries with `transaction.query(...)` for rows or `transaction.execute(...)` for writes that return no rows, then call `transaction.commit()` or `transaction.rollback()`. Always `release()` the connection when done, to return it to the pool. Commit or roll back on every path first, then release: the examples nest a `try` for the transaction inside the `try` whose `finally` releases the connection, so a statement that throws neither leaves the transaction open nor leaks the connection. - `connection.destroy()` throws that connection away instead of returning it to the pool. Use `destroy()` only for a connection you no longer trust. #### Options | Method | Type | Description | | ------------------------------------------------- | ---- | --------------------------------------------------------------- | | `runtime.connection()` | none | Returns a `Promise` of a dedicated connection. | | `connection.transaction()` | none | Returns a `Promise` of a transaction on that connection. | | `transaction.commit()` / `transaction.rollback()` | none | Commit or discard the transaction. | | `connection.release()` | none | Return the connection to the pool. | | `connection.destroy()` | none | Throw this connection away instead of returning it to the pool. | #### Examples ##### Commit manually, then release ```typescript const runtime = db.runtime(); const connection = await runtime.connection(); try { await connection.query(db.sql.public.tag.select('id').limit(1).build()); // a read on this connection const transaction = await connection.transaction(); try { await transaction.execute( db.sql.public.tag.insert([{ id: crypto.randomUUID(), label: 'manual-commit' }]).build(), ); await transaction.commit(); } catch (error) { await transaction.rollback(); throw error; } } finally { await connection.release(); } ``` ##### Roll back manually, then release ```typescript const connection = await runtime.connection(); try { const transaction = await connection.transaction(); try { await transaction.execute( db.sql.public.tag.insert([{ id: crypto.randomUUID(), label: 'manual-rollback' }]).build(), ); } finally { await transaction.rollback(); } } finally { await connection.release(); } ``` ##### Throw a connection away with `destroy()` ```typescript const connection = await runtime.connection(); await connection.destroy(); // the runtime stays healthy and opens a replacement connection on the next query ``` ## Transactions (MongoDB) > \[!NOTE] > MongoDB transactions are not available in Prisma ORM yet > > There is no `db.transaction(...)` on the MongoDB client, and the MongoDB runtime has no `connection()`, `prepare()`, or `telemetry()`: it has `query`, `execute`, and `close` and nothing else. Single-document write operations are atomic on their own, while multi-document transactions through Prisma ORM are planned, not shipped. To run one today, create your own `MongoClient`, pass it as the `mongoClient` option when you create the client, and group the writes in `session.withTransaction(...)`, as the [Fundamentals transactions guide](/guides/fundamentals-transactions#transactions-on-mongodb) shows. The reading rules under [`AsyncIterableResult`](#asynciterableresult) apply to MongoDB too. ## Prepared statements (PostgreSQL) A prepared statement compiles a query once against a declaration of its parameters, then runs it repeatedly with different values. Prepared statements are not available on MongoDB. ### `runtime.prepare(declaration, callback)` Prepare a statement from a runtime. #### Remarks - The declaration maps each parameter name to a type id, for example `{ label: 'pg/text@1' }`. Use `db.sql.public.
.columns..codecId` to get any column's id. The [table on the raw queries page](/guides/reference-2-reference-raw-queries#binding-a-bare-value-with-param) lists the common ones. - The callback takes one argument, the declared `params`, and returns the built query, which is what `.build()` gives you. `SqlQueryPlan` in the tables below is the type of a built query. Build it with a SQL builder you already hold, such as `db.sql`. In the `where((f, fns) => ...)` calls below, `f` holds the table's columns and `fns` holds the comparison functions. - A declared parameter that the callback never uses is rejected at prepare time with an error whose `code` is `RUNTIME.PREPARE_UNUSED_PARAM`, with `details.unused` listing the parameter names you declared but did not use. The rejection happens at `prepare()`, before any execution. - The resulting `PreparedStatement` runs via `ps.query(target, params)`; see [`PreparedStatement.query`](#preparedstatementquerytarget-params). #### Options | Name | Type | Required | Description | | ------------- | ------------------------------------ | -------- | ------------------------------------------ | | `declaration` | Object mapping param name to type id | Yes | The statement's parameters. | | `callback` | `(params) => SqlQueryPlan` | Yes | Builds the query from the declared params. | #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | ---------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | | `Promise` | `await runtime.prepare({ label: 'pg/text@1' }, (params) => ...)` | A reusable prepared statement. | #### Examples ##### Prepare and run a statement ```typescript const runtime = db.runtime(); const ps = await runtime.prepare({ label: 'pg/text@1' }, (params) => db.sql.public.tag.select('id', 'label').where((f, fns) => fns.eq(f.label, params.label)).limit(1).build(), ); const typescript = await ps.query(runtime, { label: 'typescript' }); const missing = await ps.query(runtime, { label: 'does-not-exist' }); // typescript has one row; missing has none ``` ##### An unused declared parameter is rejected at prepare time ```typescript await runtime.prepare({ label: 'pg/text@1', unused: 'pg/int4@1' }, (params) => db.sql.public.tag.select('id', 'label').where((f, fns) => fns.eq(f.label, params.label)).limit(1).build(), ); // rejects with RUNTIME.PREPARE_UNUSED_PARAM, details: { unused: ['unused'] } ``` ### `db.prepare(declaration, callback)` Prepare a statement on the client itself. #### Remarks - The callback takes one argument, the declared `params`, as it does on `runtime.prepare(...)`. Build the query with the client's own `db.sql` or `db.orm`. - The callback can return a built SQL query, or an ORM query that ends in `.prepared.all()`, `.prepared.first()`, or `.prepared.aggregate(...)`. `.prepared` always goes right before that last call, so a grouped aggregate is written `db.orm.public.Post.groupBy('userId').prepared.aggregate((agg) => ({ posts: agg.count() }))`. - The ORM query is built once. `db.prepare(...)` resolves to a prepared query, here called `ps`, and you run it with `ps.query(db.runtime(), values)`, where `values` holds a value for each declared parameter. A connection or a transaction also works in place of `db.runtime()`. Each run uses the new values and returns what the same call without `.prepared` returns: - `all()` returns the rows, as an [`AsyncIterableResult`](#asynciterableresult) that you `await` for an array. - `first()` returns a promise of one row, or of `null` when no row matches. - `aggregate(...)` returns a promise of the aggregate object. - `groupBy(...)` followed by `aggregate(...)` returns a promise of an array with one object per group. - `prepare()` starts the connection itself. Call `db.runtime()` for the runtime. `db.connect()` would throw an error whose `code` is `DRIVER.ALREADY_CONNECTED`, because `prepare()` already connected. #### Options | Name | Type | Required | Description | | ------------- | -------------------------------------------------- | -------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `declaration` | Object mapping param name to type id | Yes | The statement's parameters. | | `callback` | `(params) => SqlQueryPlan` or a prepared ORM query | Yes | Builds the query from the declared params, with `db.sql` or `db.orm`. | #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | ---------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | | `Promise` | `await db.prepare({ label: 'pg/text@1' }, (params) => ...)` | A reusable prepared statement. | #### Examples ##### Prepare a SQL builder query off the client ```typescript const ps = await db.prepare({ label: 'pg/text@1' }, (params) => db.sql.public.tag.select('id', 'label').where((f, fns) => fns.eq(f.label, params.label)).limit(1).build(), ); const rows = await ps.query(db.runtime(), { label: 'typescript' }); ``` ##### Prepare an ORM read and an aggregate ```typescript title="src/prepared-reads.ts" const byLabel = await db.prepare({ label: 'pg/text@1' }, (params) => db.orm.public.Tag.select('id', 'label').prepared.first({ label: params.label }), ); const tag = await byLabel.query(db.runtime(), { label: 'typescript' }); // { id: '...', label: 'typescript' }, or null const countTags = await db.prepare({}, () => db.orm.public.Tag.prepared.aggregate((agg) => ({ total: agg.count() })), ); const { total } = await countTags.query(db.runtime(), {}); ``` In an ORM query, a prepared parameter works in `where(...)` filters, in the callback you pass to `include(...)`, and in `.limit(...)` and `.offset(...)`, so the same statement can page through results. Declare a page size or offset as `'pg/int4@1'`, as in `{ take: 'pg/int4@1' }`, and pass `params.take` to `.limit(...)`. A text type id such as `'pg/text@1'`, or a nullable one such as `{ codecId: 'pg/int4@1', nullable: true }`, is a type error there. ### `PreparedStatement.query(target, params)` Run a prepared statement against a target, with the parameter values. #### Remarks - A query that returns rows prepares into a `PreparedStatement`, which you run with `query(...)`. Some queries return a row count instead of rows. End the query with `.affectedCount()`. Preparing one gives you a `PreparedExecution`, which you run with `execute(target, params)`. It resolves to `{ affectedRows }`. See the [raw queries reference](/guides/reference-2-reference-raw-queries): ```typescript const archive = await runtime.prepare({ label: 'pg/text@1' }, (params) => db.raw.sql`UPDATE "tag" SET label = 'archived' WHERE label = ${params.label}`.affectedCount().build(), ); const { affectedRows } = await archive.execute(runtime, { label: 'stale' }); ``` - You must pass `target`. It is the runtime, connection, or transaction the statement runs on. One prepared statement runs against any of them. - A prepared statement has no `close()` method and nothing to dispose. Hold one for as long as you like and reuse it. #### Options | Name | Type | Required | Description | | -------- | --------------------------------------- | -------- | ------------------------------ | | `target` | `Runtime`, connection, or transaction | Yes | Where to run the statement. | | `params` | Object of the declared parameter values | Yes | The values for this execution. | #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | -------------------------- | ------------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------ | | `AsyncIterableResult` | `await ps.query(runtime, { label })` | The statement's rows. `await` the result for an array. | A prepared ORM query from [`db.prepare(...)`](#dbpreparedeclaration-callback) is different: its `query(...)` returns what the same ORM call returns, so a prepared `first()` gives a promise of one row or `null`. #### Examples ##### Run one prepared statement against a transaction and the runtime ```typescript import { withTransaction } from '@prisma/orm-postgres/family-runtime'; const ps = await runtime.prepare({ label: 'pg/text@1' }, (params) => db.sql.public.tag.select('id', 'label').where((f, fns) => fns.eq(f.label, params.label)).limit(1).build(), ); const insertedId = await withTransaction(runtime, async (tx) => { await tx.execute(db.sql.public.tag.insert([{ id: crypto.randomUUID(), label: 'ps-both-targets' }]).build()); const inTx = await ps.query(tx, { label: 'ps-both-targets' }); // runs against the transaction return inTx[0]!.id; }); const committed = await ps.query(runtime, { label: 'ps-both-targets' }); // runs against the runtime // committed[0].id === insertedId ``` ## Execution options and results `runtime.query(...)`, `runtime.execute(...)`, `tx.query(...)`, `tx.execute(...)`, `connection.query(...)`, and `connection.execute(...)` all take a `RuntimeExecuteOptions` object as their second argument. A prepared statement takes it as a third argument, after `target` and `params`. ### `RuntimeExecuteOptions` Per-query options for cancellation. #### Remarks - `signal` is an `AbortSignal` for per-query cancellation. A signal that is **already aborted** when you call `query(...)` rejects before any row is fetched, with an error whose `code` is `RUNTIME.ABORTED`. The error's `cause` is the signal's reason, exactly as you passed it to `controller.abort(...)`. - An abort that lands after rows have started arriving ends the stream with the same `RUNTIME.ABORTED` error. `details.phase` says where the abort landed. - Inside `db.transaction(...)` the aborted statement throws, so your callback throws and the transaction rolls back. #### Options | Name | Type | Required | Description | | -------- | -------------------------------------------- | -------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | | `signal` | `AbortSignal` | No | Per-query cancellation signal. | | `scope` | `'runtime' \| 'connection' \| 'transaction'` | No | A label middleware reads. The runtime sets it; setting it yourself changes only the label, not where the query runs. | #### Examples ##### A pre-aborted signal short-circuits ```typescript const controller = new AbortController(); controller.abort(new Error('cancelled')); await runtime.query(db.sql.public.tag.select('id').limit(1).build(), { signal: controller.signal, }); // rejects with RUNTIME.ABORTED ``` ### `runtime.telemetry()` Read telemetry about the most recent query. #### Remarks - PostgreSQL only. `telemetry()` does not exist on the MongoDB runtime. Read it after a query to log how long that query took and whether it succeeded. - `telemetry()` returns `null` on a freshly-connected runtime, before any query has run. After a query, it returns an object of the shape `{ lane, target: 'postgres', fingerprint, outcome, durationMs? }`. The object reflects only the **most recent** query, not a running history. - `lane` says which API built the query, such as `orm-client` for `db.orm` or `raw` for `db.raw.sql`. - Every run of the same query text shares one `fingerprint`, whatever values you pass, so you can group runs of one query together. - `outcome` is `'success'` or `'runtime-error'`. `durationMs` is how long the query took. It is optional in the type, and it is set for every query the runtime ran. #### Return type | Return type | Example | Description | | -------------------------- | --------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------- | | Telemetry object or `null` | `runtime.telemetry()` | The most recent query's telemetry, or `null` before any query. | #### Examples ##### Read telemetry before and after a query ```typescript const before = runtime.telemetry(); // null await runtime.query(db.sql.public.tag.select('id').limit(1).build()); const after = runtime.telemetry(); // { lane, target: 'postgres', fingerprint, outcome: 'success', durationMs? } ``` ### `AsyncIterableResult` [`all()`](/guides/reference-2-reference-orm-client#all), [`createAll()`](/guides/reference-2-reference-orm-client#createall), and the runtime's `query(...)` return an `AsyncIterableResult`. `all()` and `query(...)` read rows, and `createAll()` writes rows and returns the ones it wrote. `await` the result to collect an array, or `for await` it to take rows one at a time. Use `await`, and use `for await` only to handle rows as they arrive. On PostgreSQL it does not reduce memory, because every row is loaded first. Pick `await` or `for await` for a given result and do not mix the two. Calling `.toArray()` does the same thing as `await`. Re-`await`ing a result you already awaited is safe and returns the same array, but switching between `await` and `for await`, or looping a second time with `for await`, throws an error whose `code` is `RUNTIME.ITERATOR_CONSUMED`. For the full rules on reading a result, shared identically by PostgreSQL and MongoDB, see [`AsyncIterableResult`](/guides/reference-2-reference-orm-client#asynciterableresult) in the ORM client reference. ## Related pages - [`Error reference`](/guides/reference-2-reference-error-reference): Every structured error code Prisma ORM can emit, by namespace, with the condition that raises it. - [`Migration API`](/guides/reference-2-reference-migration-api): Every method and helper a migration.ts can use: the Migration class, the PostgreSQL operations, the column and constraint helpers, rawSql, and the MongoDB operations. - [`ORM client reference`](/guides/reference-2-reference-orm-client): Reference for the Prisma ORM client's query, mutation, filter, and aggregate methods. - [`Pipeline builder reference`](/guides/reference-2-reference-pipeline-builder): Reference for the Prisma ORM MongoDB pipeline builder's stages, accumulators, expression helpers, and write methods. - [`Raw queries reference`](/guides/reference-2-reference-raw-queries): Reference for Prisma ORM raw queries: PostgreSQL raw SQL and MongoDB raw commands. ## Related pages - [Authentication & Tools](./authentication-tools-index.md) - [Build](./build-index.md) - [Changelog](../changelog.md) - [Concepts](./concepts-index.md) - [Console commands](./console-commands-index.md) - [Contract Authoring](./contract-authoring-index.md) - [Core Concepts](./core-concepts-index.md) - [Data Modeling](./data-modeling-index.md) - [Database](./database-index.md) - [DB commands](./db-commands-index.md) # Agent Instructions Cite this page’s canonical URL and keep its documentation version. 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